The Grammaticalization of Evidential Markers in Ukrainian.
Keywords:
evidentiality, grammaticalization, complement clauses, verbs of perception, spatiotemporal verbs, aspect markers, construction maty infinitiveAbstract
Complement clauses of verbs of perception in combination with markers of a verb aspect, an aspect of some spatiotemporal verbs, as well as the modalized construction mati (to have) + infinitive are described in the paper as grammatical meanings and constructions which developed evidential overtones in the Ukrainian language.
Subordinating morphemes shcho (that) and yak (how), which introduce complement clauses in a sentence with a verb of perception, can distinguish meanings related to information source. The conjunction jak (how) prototypically implies direct perception (bachu, jak… (I see how); chuju, jak… (I hear how…) etc.), while the conjunction shcho (that), a general complementizer, implies that the information is an inference (bachu, shcho…(I see that)) or marks information obtained through hearsay (chuju, shcho…).
The aspect of a verb of perception or a verb of the subordinating clause thereby plays an important role. Imperfective verbs in a complement clause of a sentence with the predicate bachyty (to see), even with the non-factive conjunction shcho (that), implies that a speaker is an observer of the situation, while a perfective aspect moves the verb of perception into a class of non-factive verbs, which implies all possible episthemic values except a truthfulness or an untruthfulness, regardless of the factive conjunction yak (how). Such sentences, with the perfective verb pobachyty, always imply the logical conclusion or other inference based on the visual perception, which is a clue of understanding of the reason of speakers‘ changed attitude on the referent.
The perfective verb pobachyty combined with the non-factive conjunction sccho not only shows an inference, but also expresses unexpected information with overtones of surprise and admiration, therefore manifests mirative meaning.
On the other hand, the perfective pochuty in contemporary Ukrainian express a reported speech rarely. This verb shows that the speaker observed the situation by himself or it expresses an inference, regardless to the presence of non-factive conjunction shcho, while the imperfective chuty with the same conjunction usually expresses a hearsay.
Some spatiotemporal perfective verbs, such as povernuty (to turn), obstupyty (to surround), obіrvatysya (to break off) etc., which describe the position of the object in the space from the perspective of the observer, can express evidential meanings in a narrative discourse of the Ukrainian language, versus imperfective verbs that do not imply such a meaning. Perfective spatiotemporal verbs specify the speaker‘s direct experience of the event or indicate his attitude toward the narrated event as it has really happened. Such evidential meaning is known as a confirmative and it‘s widely used in a marketing discourse as a common strategy.
The modalized construction maty (to have) + infinitive in the Ukrainian expresses evidential overtones in a narrative discourse as well. This construction marks a reported speech as it reflects the event as a consequence of the previous order or the instructions of authoritative persons. Such constructions can be equated with quasi-passive verbs formed from performative verbs, which in many languages of the world are considered as markers of someone else‘s speech.
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